Europe

Germany harmonised unemployment rate; core Eurozone labor gauge.

France harmonised unemployment rate; second-largest Eurozone labor market.

Italy harmonised unemployment rate; captures structural southern-European labor weakness.

Spain harmonised unemployment rate; historically the highest-unemployment large Eurozone economy.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for the United Kingdom (IMF WEO). BoE targets 2% with a symmetric ±1pp corridor.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for Germany (IMF WEO). Operates under ECB's 2% target; German inflation historically tracks below the Eurozone average.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for France (IMF WEO). Tracks near the Eurozone average under the ECB's 2% target.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for Italy (IMF WEO). Among the lower-inflation Eurozone economies historically.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for Spain (IMF WEO). Particularly sensitive to energy-price shocks under the ECB regime.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for the Netherlands (IMF WEO). Dutch CPI closely tracks the Eurozone HICP under the ECB's 2% target.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for Sweden (IMF WEO). Riksbank targets 2%; CPIF is the operative domestic measure.

Annual headline CPI inflation rate for Switzerland (IMF WEO). SNB targets a 0-2% band; Swiss CPI runs structurally below peers.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for the United Kingdom from the IMF WEO. Post-COVID labor participation declines kept the rate elevated.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for Germany from the IMF WEO. Strong labor market; structurally below 5% in recent cycles.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for France from the IMF WEO. Structurally higher than core Europe for decades.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for Italy from the IMF WEO. Regional dispersion is stark; southern Italy sustains double-digit unemployment.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for Spain from the IMF WEO. Chronically the highest jobless rate in the G7.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for the Netherlands from the IMF WEO. Very low structural unemployment by European standards.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for Sweden from the IMF WEO. Low unemployment, high labor participation.

ILO-modeled annual unemployment rate for Switzerland from the IMF WEO. Very low jobless rate by G7 standards.

Swiss National Bank policy rate, set at quarterly monetary-policy assessments (cube snbpolra). Replaced the LIBOR-based target band in June 2019.

ECB deposit facility rate, the floor of the euro area interest rate corridor.

ECB main refinancing operations rate, the key policy rate.

ECB marginal lending facility rate, the ceiling of the corridor.

€STR, the euro short-term rate replacing EONIA.

Bank of England official Bank Rate, the UK policy rate.

UK 10-year gilt yield, monthly average from Bank of England.

UK 2-year gilt yield, monthly average from Bank of England.

UK 10-year gilt yield, end of month from Bank of England.

Italy 10-year government bond yield, quarterly from FRED.

Eurozone Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (2015=100) across the 19 euro-area members.

UK Consumer Price Index, all items.

Eurozone harmonised unemployment rate.

UK ILO unemployment rate.

Eurozone real GDP in chain-linked volumes (millions of chained 2010 EUR), the broadest measure of euro-area economic output.

Euro Interbank Offered Rate at 3-month tenor, the key euro area money-market benchmark.

UK real GDP (millions of domestic currency), seasonally adjusted, quarterly — sourced from FRED (ONS via IMF IFS).

FTSE 100 index, the UK large-cap equity benchmark.

DAX 40 index, the German large-cap equity benchmark.

CAC 40 index, the French large-cap equity benchmark.

Euro Stoxx 50, the eurozone blue-chip equity benchmark.

VSTOXX, implied volatility on Euro Stoxx 50 options.

iShares Core UK Gilts ETF, UK government bond exposure.

iShares Core EU Government Bond ETF.