Global Trade & Supply Chains

Federal debt held by foreign and international investors, the broadest measure of non-US Treasury ownership from FRED.

Japanese holdings of US Treasury securities, the largest single-country foreign holder; a window into BoJ-adjacent reserve management and yen-funding flows.

Mainland Chinese holdings of US Treasury securities; tracked closely as a geopolitical and reserve-diversification signal since the 2018 trade war.

United Kingdom holdings of US Treasury securities; a London-based custodial conduit that often understates the underlying owners.

Belgian holdings of US Treasury securities; Euroclear-domiciled custody amplifies the apparent holdings well beyond Belgian sovereign accounts.

Luxembourg holdings of US Treasury securities; a fund-domicile hub where mutual-fund ownership inflates reported balances.

Swiss holdings of US Treasury securities; SNB reserve allocations and private-bank custody combine in this line.

Cayman Islands custodial holdings of US Treasury securities; a hedge-fund and SPV reporting domicile, almost entirely a conduit rather than a sovereign holder.

Canadian holdings of US Treasury securities; a mix of BoC reserves and Canadian pension and insurance fixed-income allocations.

Irish holdings of US Treasury securities; another fund-domicile conduit similar to Luxembourg.

Taiwanese holdings of US Treasury securities; CBC FX reserves and Taiwanese life insurer balance sheets dominate the line.

Indian holdings of US Treasury securities; primarily RBI reserve allocations against the rupee.

Hong Kong holdings of US Treasury securities; HKMA reserves and a regional custodial hub serving the Greater China asset community.

Brazilian holdings of US Treasury securities; the largest Latin American sovereign holder, dominated by BCB reserves.

Singaporean holdings of US Treasury securities; MAS reserves and GIC asset-management positions co-mingle in the published number.

French holdings of US Treasury securities; Banque de France reserves are part of the wider Eurosystem allocation captured under TIC.

Saudi Arabian holdings of US Treasury securities; SAMA reserves backing the riyal-dollar peg form the bulk of the line.

South Korean holdings of US Treasury securities; BOK reserves dominate, with NPS pension fixed-income exposure adding to the total.

Norwegian holdings of US Treasury securities; the Government Pension Fund Global accounts for most of the line.

German holdings of US Treasury securities; Bundesbank reserves and Eurosystem allocation share with other euro-area participants.

Bermuda-domiciled holdings of US Treasury securities; reinsurance and captive-insurance balance sheets constitute the bulk.

Dutch holdings of US Treasury securities; DNB reserves plus large pension-fund fixed-income exposure.

UAE holdings of US Treasury securities; ADIA and other sovereign wealth allocations contribute alongside the central bank.

Australian holdings of US Treasury securities; RBA reserves and Future Fund fixed-income exposure together.

Mexican holdings of US Treasury securities; Banxico reserves anchored by deep US-Mexico trade integration.

Thai holdings of US Treasury securities; Bank of Thailand reserve allocation against baht.

Philippine holdings of US Treasury securities; BSP reserve management against peso volatility.

Israeli holdings of US Treasury securities; BoI reserves alongside private institutional balance sheets.

Kuwaiti holdings of US Treasury securities; KIA sovereign wealth allocation against future-generations mandate.

Iraqi holdings of US Treasury securities; CBI reserves linked closely to oil-revenue cycles.

Polish holdings of US Treasury securities; NBP reserve diversification post-2014 Russia incursion.

Spanish holdings of US Treasury securities; small relative to Eurosystem peers, mainly Banco de España allocation.

Italian holdings of US Treasury securities; Banca d'Italia reserves alongside private custody.

Colombian holdings of US Treasury securities; BanRep reserves backing peso stability.

Swedish holdings of US Treasury securities; Riksbank reserves and AP fund pension exposure.

Bahamas-domiciled holdings of US Treasury securities; principally a hedge-fund custody jurisdiction.

Vietnamese holdings of US Treasury securities; SBV reserves built up rapidly through trade-surplus accumulation.

Chilean holdings of US Treasury securities; BCCh reserves and the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund's fixed-income allocation.

Peruvian holdings of US Treasury securities; BCRP reserves backing sol-dollar stability.

Turkish holdings of US Treasury securities; CBRT reserve composition is a frequently cited geopolitical and lira-stability indicator.

Indonesian holdings of US Treasury securities; BI reserves anchored by commodity export receipts.

South African holdings of US Treasury securities; SARB reserves with structurally smaller balances than Latin American peers.

Russian holdings of US Treasury securities; collapsed to near zero after the 2018 sell-off and 2022 sanctions.

New York Fed Global Supply Chain Pressure Index, a z-score combining transportation costs and manufacturing PMI delivery times across seven economies.